What Do the Authors Mean by the Following Causes They Ascribe to the New Imperialist Stirrings

Chapter 27: The Path of Empire, 1890-1899

Imperialist Stirrings

Farmers, factory owners wait across American shores (agricultural and industrial production)
The land was bursting with a new sense of power generated by robust growth in population, wealth, and productive chapters (trembling from blows of labor violence and agrarian unrest)
"Xanthous printing" of Pulitzer and Hearst described foreign exploits equally manly adventures
Pious missionaries looked overseas for new souls to harvest (Reverend Josiah Stiff)
Americans (Roosevelt and Congressman Henry Cabot Lodge) were interpreting Darwinism to mean that the earth belonged to the potent and the fit—this is, to Uncle Sam
European powers were imperializing (Africa and Chinese Empire)
Development of a new steel navy focused attention overseas (control of body of water—authorization?)
Mahan'due south The Influence of Body of water Power upon History helped stimulate the naval race
Secretary of State James Thousand. Blaine pushed the "Big Sister" policy
Information technology aimed to rally Latin American nations behind U.s.a. leadership and open Latin American markets
Blaine resided over the start Pan-American conference (economical cooperation, tariff reduction)
Number of diplomatic crises marked the path of American affairs in late 1880s-90s
American and High german navies came to blows in 1889; lynching of Italians in 1891 brought American and Italy to brink of state of war; American demands on Chile after deaths of two sailors

Monroe'southward Doctrine and the Venezuelan Squall

America's anti-British feeling arose in 1895-1896 over Venezuela
Jungle purlieus between British Guiana and Venezuela had been in dispute (aureate found)
President Cleveland decided on a strong protest and his secretary of state, Richard Olney, declared that the British was in effect flouting the Monroe Doctrine (submit to arbitration)
London flatly denied the relevance of the Monroe Doctrine and spurned arbitration
War seemed inevitable and President Cleveland wanted to run a line in Venezuela
Britain had no urge to fight, Canada was vulnerable, and merchant marine was vulnerable
Britain's traditional policy of isolation was brining insecure isolation (Russia, France, Germany)
Boers in South Africa captured British political party—British anger deflected to Germany (arbitration)
The prestige of the Monroe Doctrine was immensely enhanced
British were now determined to cultivate Yankee friendship; Great Rapprochement, the new Anglo-American cordiality became a cornerstone of both nations' strange policies

Spurning the Hawaiian Pear

Enchanted Hawaii had early attracted the attention of Americans (way station, provision point)
The Land Section sternly warned other powers to go along their grasping hands off
Commercial reciprocity agreement (1875) and naval-base rights (1887)
Carbohydrate tillage, profitable, had barriers raised against it with the McKinley Tariff
White planters concluded that the best way was to annex Hawaii to the United States
Queen Liliuokalani insisted that native Hawaiians should control the islands
Desperate whites organized a successful revolt in 1893 with assistance from American troops
Cleveland suspected that the U.s. had wronged deposed Queen Liliuokalani and withdrew the treat from the Senate in 1893 and a probe revealed that Hawaiians didn't desire to be annexed
The Hawaiian pear continued to ripen for five more years until 1898 afterwards Cleveland

Cubans Rise in Defection

Cuba'due south masses once more rose against their Spanish oppressor in 1895
The roots of the defection was partly economic, with fractional origins in the Us
Sugar production, backbone of Cuba's prosperity, was crippled past the American tariff of 1894
Insurgents adopted a scorched-earth policy—they wanted Spain to move out or Usa to help them
Spanish misrule in Cuba menaced the shipping routes of the Due west Indies and Gulf of Mexico
In 1896, Spanish general Weyler undertook to crush the rebellion by herding many civilians into barbed-wire reconcentration camps, where they could not give assistance to armed insurgents
The American public demanded activeness just President Cleveland refused to budge (no gov't)

The Mystery of the Maine Explosion

"Xanthous journalism" of Hearst and Pulitzer enhanced atrocities in Republic of cuba, sometimes invented
"Butcher" Weyler was removed in 1897, still weather condition steadily worsened; there was some talk in Spain of granting the restive isle a type of self-regime (opposed by Spanish Cubans)
In 1898 Washington sent battleship Maine to Republic of cuba to protect and evacuate Americans
In Feb 1898, a letter written by Spanish minister in Washington, Dupuy de Lome, described President McKinley every bit a politician who lacked good faith—sensationally headlined by Hearst
Days afterwards, the Maine mysteriously blew upwards in Havana harbor killing 260 officers and men
Spanish commission state that the explosion had been internal and presumably accidental while the American committee reported that the blast had been caused past a submarine mine
But Americans in 1898, now war-mad, blindly accepted the least probable explanation

McKinley Unleashes the Dogs of War

American diplomats had gained Madrid's understanding to Washington's ii basic demands: an terminate to reconcentration camps and an ceasefire with Cuban rebels (McKinley did not desire hostilities)
McKinley's individual desires clashed sharply with opinions now pop with the public
The president finally yielded and gave the people what they wanted; no organized religion in Kingdom of spain's promises
McKinley believed in the democratic principle that people should dominion—thought it evitable
McKinley did not want to suspension upwards the 1000 Old Political party and give the Democrats an upper hand
On April 11, 1898, McKinley sent his state of war bulletin to Congress, urging armed intervention
Legislators adopted the Teller Amendment that proclaimed to the earth that when the The states had overthrown Castilian misrule, information technology would give the Cubans their liberty

Dewey's May 24-hour interval Victory at Manila

The regular ground forces was unprepared for a state of war under tropical skies (28,00 men to 200,000 troops)
Kingdom of spain's apparent superiority was illusory; its navy was in wretched condition
The readiness of the navy owed much to navy secretary John Long and assistant Theodore Roosevelt—who cabled Commodore George Dewey to descend upon Spain's Philippines in war
Dewey sailed in Manila on May 1, 1898 and destroyed the Spanish fleet

Unexpected Imperialistic Plums

Dewey had to await for troop reinforcements assembling in America; foreign warships begun to gather in the harbor, ostensibly to safeguard their nationals in Manila (British friendliness)
Long-awaited American troops finally arriving in force, captured Manila on August 13, 1898
They collaborated with the Filipino insurgents commanded past Emilio Aguinaldo
Events in Philippines focused attending on Hawaii—a joint resolution of annexation was rushed through Congress and canonical past McKinley on July 7, 1898 (U.S. citizenship, territorial status)

The Confused Invasion of Cuba

Castilian government ordered a fleet of warships to Republic of cuba under Admiral Cervera (falling apart)
Demands for protection poured in on Washington from eastern seaboard of the United states of america
Sound strategy seemed to dictate that an American army could exist sent in from the rear
The ill-prepared Americans were unequipped for state of war in the torrid zone (all woolen clothing)
"Crude Riders" allowable by Colonel Leonard Wood organized by Theodore Roosevelt
Embarked at congested Tampa, Florida and rushed 1 of the transports
Brisk fighting broke out at El Caney and San Juan Colina—both victories

Curtains for Spain in America

The American army, fast closing in on Santiago, spelled doom for the Castilian armada
Spanish fleets were entirely destroyed and Santiago surrendered soon after
Hasty preparations were fabricated for a descent upon Puerto Rico earlier the war should end
The American army, commanded by General Nelson Miles, met little resistance
Spain had satisfied its honor and on August 12, 1898, signed an armistice
The American army suffered from malaria, typhoid, dysentery, and yellow fever
1 of the war'southward worst scandals was the loftier death charge per unit from sickness, particularly typhoid fever

McKinley Heeds Duty, Destiny, and Dollars

Spanish and American negotiators met in Paris to begin heated discussions
Cuba was freed from its Castilian overlords, Guam was taken, and Puerto Rico picked
Knottiest of all was the trouble of the Philippines, a veritable apple of discord
The Filipinos could non be left to govern themselves and were in danger from other countries
Wall Street had opposed the war but at present clamored for profits in the Philippines
McKinley saw the solution equally taking all the Philippines and Christianizing and civilizing them
Americans at length agreed to pay Spain $xx one thousand thousand for the Philippine Islands (imperialism)
America's Course (Curse?) of Empire
- The Philippines was a nation in a afar tropical area populated past Asians of alien race, culture, tongue, religion, and government institutions (Anti-Imperialist League sprang up)
- Members included presidents of Stanford and Harvard, William James, and Mark Twain
- The anti-imperialist blanket stretched over Samuel Gompers and Andrew Carnegie
- Filipinos panted for freedom, despotism away might well afford despotism at domicile, and annexation would propel the US into the political and armed forces cauldron of the Far East
- Imperialists appealed to patriotism and to the glory of annexation (possible trade profits)
- Rudyard Kipling urged America to uplift the underprivileged, underfed, and underclad
- The Spanish treaty run into heated opposition in the Senate (William Jennings Bryan)
- Bryan argued that the war was non over until America had ratified the pact; the sooner it accepted the document, the sooner it could requite the Filipinos their independence
- The Treaty was canonical on Feb vi, 1899 after Bryan's influence with Democrats

Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Republic of cuba

Many Puerto Rico's i meg inhabitants lived in poverty; population grew faster than economic system
By the Foraker Act of 1900, Congress accorded the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular authorities and, in 1917, granted them U.S. citizenship (Did the Constitution follow the flag?)
Beginning in 1901 with the Insular Cases, the Supreme Courtroom decreed that the flag did outrun the Constitution, and that the outdistanced document did not necessarily extend with full force
An American military government gear up under Full general Leonard Wood in Cuba wrought miracles in regime, finance, education, agriculture, and public wellness (xanthous fever)
The United States honoring the Teller Amendment, withdrew from Cuba in 1902
The Cubans were forced to write constitution of 1901 called the Platt Subpoena
The Cubans jump themselves non to impair their independence past treaty or by contracting a debt beyond their resources (mutual protection by US, sell/lease coaling and naval stations)

New Horizons in Ii Hemispheres

The Spanish-American War did not cause the Us to get a globe ability (already one)
American prestige rose sharply and the European powers accorded more respect
So great was America'south good fortune that citizens institute in the victories further support for their indifference to adequate preparedness—new spirit thrilled Americans
National pride was touched and cockiness was increased past the "splendid piffling war"
The British imperialists were pleased partly because of a newfound friendship
Past taking Philippine Islands, the United States became a total-fledged Far Eastern ability
Elihu Root took over the reins at the War Department—War College in Washington
Farther closing of the "bloody chasm" between North and South

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Aboukhadijeh, Feross. "Affiliate 27: The Path of Empire, 1890-1899" StudyNotes.org. Report Notes, LLC., 17 November. 2012. Web. 07 April. 2022. <https://www.apstudynotes.org/u.s.a.-history/outlines/chapter-27-the-path-of-empire-1890-1899/>.

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